Chapter 9: "Crossed"
HOW TO DESCRIBE CHINESE HISTORY SINCE 1949
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邓小平 (Dèng Xiǎo Píng) Deng Xiaoping [personal name]
大跃进 (dà yuè jìn) [n] Great Leap Forward
文化大革命 (wén huà dà gé mìng) [n] Cultural Revolution
改革开放 (gǎi gé kāi fàng) [n] Reform and Opening Up
- Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman. Sacked by Mao during the Cultural Revolution, Deng returned to power to become the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1989. Deng spearheaded the far-reaching Chinese economic reforms known as Reform and Opening Up.
大跃进 (dà yuè jìn) [n] Great Leap Forward
- The Great Leap Forward was an economic and social campaign between 1958 and 1962 masterminded by Mao Zedong to transform China from a predominantly agrarian society to a modern, industrial society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. Private farming was prohibited and millions of Chinese citizens were moved onto communes. Some were sent to farming cooperatives, while others worked in small manufacturing, for example setting up backyard steel furnaces to smelt steel.
- Mao's communist ideas (combined with gross mismanagement and systematic terror), however, did not work. The Great Leap Forward was a disastrous failure, resulting in the deaths of between 20-50 million people in the Great Chinese Famine or 三年大饥荒 (jī huāng = famine).
- As a result of this disaster Mao lost power within the government to more moderate leaders. In order to regain influence, he initiated a new revolutionary movement...
文化大革命 (wén huà dà gé mìng) [n] Cultural Revolution
- 文化 ＝ culture，大 ＝ great，革命 ＝ revolution
- 文革 (wén gé) [n] Cultural Revolution [abbreviation]
- A mass sociopolitical movement across China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Maoist thought as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Cultural Revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected the country's economy and society to a significant degree. The Cultural Revolution ended with Mao's death and the return of Deng Xiaoping to power.
改革开放 (gǎi gé kāi fàng) [n] Reform and Opening Up
- 改革 = Reform, 开放 = Opening
- 改革开放 refers to the program of far-reaching Chinese economic reforms started in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping in the direct wake of the Cultural Revolution. 改革开放 shifted the course of mainland China from a closed communist society to a far more capitalist, market-oriented society.
- 改革开放 has led to immense changes in China over the past forty years. Not only the mainland Chinese economy but every aspect of Chinese society has been transformed. The rapid pace of modernization has also led to a reformist backlash.
Lesson
Click for the STORY QUEST
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Click for the LEARNING SLIDES
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Practice
WRITE: translate the following sentences into Chinese:
SPEAK: talk about major events in Chinese history since 1949 (such as the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Reform and Opening Up). Were they good or bad for China, and why?
- The Cultural Revolution was initiated by Mao Zedong in 1966.
- After Reform and Opening Up, China has changed completely.
SPEAK: talk about major events in Chinese history since 1949 (such as the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Reform and Opening Up). Were they good or bad for China, and why?
Mastery
DICTATION: write the Chinese characters, English definition, and pinyin (including tones):
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- 邓小平，大跃进，文化大革命，改革开放
- TARGET: no more than 1 mistake, including tones.
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- Discuss Chinese history since 1949, including the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and Reform and Opening Up.
- Explain who Deng Xiaoping is, and his significance.
- TARGET: at least a 3 on ALL tasks.
Chapter 10: "The Next World"
HOW TO TALK ABOUT COMMUNISM AND CAPITALISM
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共产党 (gòng chǎn dǎng) [n] Communist Party
共产主义 (gòng chǎn zhǔ yì) [n] Communism
资本主义 (zī běn zhǔ yì) [n] Capitalism
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Lesson
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Practice
SPEAK: discuss the conflict between communism or capitalism. Which do you think works better? Why?
WRITE: write a manifesto supporting either communism or capitalism. Refer to events in modern Chinese history such as the Cultural Revolution or Reform and Opening Up.
WRITE: write a manifesto supporting either communism or capitalism. Refer to events in modern Chinese history such as the Cultural Revolution or Reform and Opening Up.
Mastery
DICTATION: write the Chinese characters, English definition, and pinyin (including tones):
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- 共产党，共产主义，资本主义
- TARGET: no more than 1 mistake, including tones.
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- Talk about political parties.
- Compare and contrast communism and capitalism.
- Explain who Deng Xiaoping is, and his significance.
- TARGET: at least a 3 on ALL tasks.
Chapter 11: "Save the Last One"
HOW TO DEBATE REFORM AND OPENING UP
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"为人民服务" (wèi rén mín fú wù) [phrase] "Serve The People"
不管 (bù guǎn) [adv] no matter; regardless of
"不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫"
捉 (zhuō) [v] to catch
猫 (māo) [n] cat
老鼠 (lǎo shǔ) [n] mouse; rat
- 为 ＝ for，人民 ＝ people，服务 ＝ to serve
- NOTE: this is one of Mao Zedong's favorite phrases, and a slogan of the Chinese Communist Party.
不管 (bù guǎn) [adv] no matter; regardless of
- "不管 + Situation + Subject + (都/也) + Result"
- NOTE: 不管 is more informal than 无论, but it is used in more or less the same way. As with other constructions, 都 and 也 can be used in the second part of the sentence to emphasize that the action or decision will not change
- Examples:
- 1. 不管我是美国人还是中国人，老百姓都想要幸福的生活。
- 2. 今天晚上是年夜饭。不管你怎么爱吃鱼，都不能把鱼吃完。懂吗？
- 3. 不管中国怎么变，南京怎么变，肚子饿了要吃没变。= Regardless of how China changes, Nanjing changes, having to eat when hungry won't change.
"不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫"
- (bù guǎn hēi māo bái māo, zhuō dào lǎo shǔ jiù shì hǎo māo)
- [phrase] "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice"
- 不管＝regardless of，猫＝cat，捉＝catch，老鼠＝mouse
- NOTE: this is a famous quote by Deng Xiaoping. It is an expression of the pragmatic approach that guided Deng in crafting the Reform and Opening Up program of economic reforms. In other words, Deng did not worry too much about whether a person was a revolutionary or not, as long as she was competent and contributed positively to the economy. This statement came to stand in opposition to the ideas of class struggle projected into economic relations.
捉 (zhuō) [v] to catch
猫 (māo) [n] cat
老鼠 (lǎo shǔ) [n] mouse; rat
Lesson
Click for the STORY QUEST
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Click for the LEARNING SLIDES
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Practice
TRAIN: write 3 sentences in your journal using this grammar structure:
SPEAK: discuss Deng Xiaoping's remark, “不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫.” In what context was it used? Do you agree with this remark--why or why not?
DEBATE: discuss the pros and cons of Reform and Opening Up. Take a strong position on each side!
WRITE: write a response to the following questions:
- 不管... 都/也...
SPEAK: discuss Deng Xiaoping's remark, “不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫.” In what context was it used? Do you agree with this remark--why or why not?
DEBATE: discuss the pros and cons of Reform and Opening Up. Take a strong position on each side!
WRITE: write a response to the following questions:
- Did Reform and Opening Up "serve the people"?
- If so, how?
- If not, why not?
Mastery
DICTATION: write the Chinese characters, English definition, and pinyin (including tones):
GRAMMAR: complete the following exercises:
READING: read aloud the following sentences:
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- “为人民服务”，“不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫”
- TARGET: no more than 1 mistake, including tones.
GRAMMAR: complete the following exercises:
- Translate: Regardless of how China changes, Nanjing changes, having to eat when hungry won't change.
- Translate: "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice."
- TARGET: no grammar mistakes.
READING: read aloud the following sentences:
- 不管中国怎么变，南京怎么变，肚子饿了要吃没变
- 不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫。
- 作为党员，就应该全心全意为人民服务。
- 邓小平爷爷全心全意为人民服务，受到大家的爱戴。
- TARGET: no more than 1 mistake, including tones.
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- Debate the pros and cons of Reform and Opening Up.
- Explain the meaning of Deng Xiaoping's remark, “不管黑猫白猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫.”
- TARGET: at least a 3 on ALL tasks.
Chapter 12: "Conquer"
HOW TO DESCRIBE CHINESE HISTORY FROM 1927 - 1949
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蒋介石 (Jǐang Jiè Shí) Chiang Kai-Shek [personal name]
国民党 (guó mín dǎng) [n] Kuomintang; Chinese Nationalist Party
大陆 (dà lù) Mainland [i.e. Mainland China, the PRC]
抗日战争 (kàng rì zhàn zhēng) [n] Second Sino-Japanese War; War of Resistance Against Japan
国共内战 (guó gòng nèi zhàn) [n] Chinese Civil War
*中华人民共和国* (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó) People's Republic of China [Mainland China]
*中华民国* (zhōng huá mín guó) Republic of China [Taiwan]
*第二次世界大战* (dì èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn) World War 2
- Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. The leader of the Kuomintang, the Chinese Nationalist Party, Chiang Kai-shek fought Mao Zedong for the control of China in the Chinese Civil War. After his defeat he retreated to Taiwan and ruled there as President of the Republic of China until his death in 1975.
国民党 (guó mín dǎng) [n] Kuomintang; Chinese Nationalist Party
- 国民＝national，党＝party
- NOTE: The Chinese Nationalist Party was led by Chiang Kai-shek during the Chinese Civil War. The Nationalists were defeated and retreated to Taiwan in 1949. The Nationalists controlled Taiwan as a one-party state until the 1980's, when Taiwan was democratized and began to share power with other parties.
大陆 (dà lù) Mainland [i.e. Mainland China, the PRC]
- This is the most common neutral term to refer to the PRC-controlled area of China (since Taiwan, officially the "Republic of China," considers itself independent of the PRC and also claims sovereignty over the mainland).
- 大陆 is contrasted with 台湾 as two political entities.
- The term 大陆 usually doesn't include the special administrative regions of Hong Kong (香港) and Macau (澳门), which are largely governed autonomously independent of the PRC.
抗日战争 (kàng rì zhàn zhēng) [n] Second Sino-Japanese War; War of Resistance Against Japan
- 抗 ＝ resist，日 ＝ 日本，战争 ＝ war
- The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1945. It was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast material resources. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of World War II.
- In the Chinese language, the war is most commonly known as the War of Resistance Against Japan.
国共内战 (guó gòng nèi zhàn) [n] Chinese Civil War
- 国 ＝ 国民党，共 ＝ 共产党，内战 ＝ internal/civil war
- The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought from 1927 to 1950 between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomingtang Nationalist Party for control of China.
- It can generally be divided into two stages; the first being from 1927 to 1937, and the second being from 1946 to 1950 with the Second Sino-Japanese War separating them. The war was a major turning point in modern Chinese history, resulting in the communists led by Mao Zedong gaining control of Mainland China and establishing the People's Republic of China.
- It also caused a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, with the Republic of China in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China.
*中华人民共和国* (zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó) People's Republic of China [Mainland China]
- 中华 = China [alternate formal name]，人民 = [the people]，共和国 = republic
- Established by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party in Beijing on 1 October 1949 after their victory in the Chinese Civil War.
- This is the official name of the political entity of "Mainland China".
- 1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国成立 (chéng lì=establish)。
*中华民国* (zhōng huá mín guó) Republic of China [Taiwan]
- 中华 = China [alternate formal name]，民 = 人民 = people，国 = 国家
- The Republic of China was established in 1912 after the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty by Sun Yat-sen and his Nationalist party. Later led by Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China was victorious in the War of Resistance against Japan but lost the mainland to the communists in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War. The Nationalist government fled to Taiwan and reformed the Republic of China there.
- This is the official name of the political entity of "Taiwan".
*第二次世界大战* (dì èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn) World War 2
- 第二次 = second，世界 = world，大战 = (big) war
- The abbreviation “二战” is also commonly used
Lesson
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Click for the LEARNING SLIDES
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Practice
WRITE: translate the following sentences into Chinese:
DRAW: create a timeline of the major events of Chinese history from 1927-1949 and caption each event.
SPEAK: talk about the major events of Chinese history from 1927-1949. What were they? Who were the most important figures? Which political parties did they represent?
- Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party fought a war with Chiang Kai-Shek and the Kuomintang Party.
- After 1949, Mao Zedong controlled Mainland China, while Chiang Kai-Shek controlled Taiwan.
DRAW: create a timeline of the major events of Chinese history from 1927-1949 and caption each event.
SPEAK: talk about the major events of Chinese history from 1927-1949. What were they? Who were the most important figures? Which political parties did they represent?
Mastery
DICTATION: write the Chinese characters, English definition, and pinyin (including tones):
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- 蒋介石，国民党，大陆，抗日战争，国共内战，*第二次世界大战*，*中华人民共和国*，*中华民国*
- TARGET: no more than 1 mistake, including tones.
SPEAKING: perform the following conversation tasks:
- Discuss Chinese history from 1927-1949, including World War 2 and the Chinese Civil War.
- BONUS: Discuss the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
- Discuss the relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan.
- Explain who Chiang Kai-Shek is, and his significance.
- TARGET: at least a 3 on ALL tasks.
MINIBOSS #3: ACT 3 REVIEW
Pika, Pika! Can you beat me?
Mastery Challenge 1 (Vocabulary and Grammar):
Mastery Challenge 2 (Speaking):
BONUS CHALLENGES:
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